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About the Book
"The Life And Death Of Mr. Badman" by John Bunyan is a moral allegory that follows the life of Mr. Badman, a deceitful and wicked man who engages in various immoral and dishonest activities throughout his life. The book explores the consequences of his actions and ultimately leads to his downfall and death, serving as a cautionary tale about the dangers of leading a sinful life.
Augustine of Hippo
Born in 354 CE in the North African city of Tagaste to a Christian mother and pagan father, Augustine began his career as a pagan teacher of rhetoric in, among other places, Carthage. In search of better students, Augustine traveled to Rome in 383, assuming considerable personal risk in doing so, but was disappointed to discover his newfound students lacking the virtue he thought the necessary prerequisite for a proper education. Failing to acquire satisfactory students, Augustine moved once again, this time to Milan where he accepted a position as a professor of rhetoric.
It was in Milan that Augustine adopted the study of Neoplatonism in earnest, though he had shown a fondness for classical philosophy, particularly the works of Virgil and Cicero, from an early age. In Neoplatonism the still-young Augustine thought, with great confidence and enthusiasm, that he had found an academic school capable of uniting the teachings of Christianity with those of Greek and Roman philosophy. Shortly thereafter Augustine converted to Christianity and, returning to North Africa, accepted the position of bishop in Hippo in 396, one that he would retain for the remainder of his life. It was arguably his encounter with Neoplatonism that caused Augustine to recognize the teachings of the Church as a source of intellectual insight not unlike that of classical philosophy. An autobiographical account of his religious conversion is the subject of Augustineâs Confessions, which numbers among the most famous and influential of his works.
Upon rising to the position of bishop, Augustine increasingly immersed himself in the daily routine of monastic life and became entangled with internal Scholastic controversies facing the Church, particularly those involving the Donatists and Pelagians. Because of his considerable intellect and rhetorical skill, Augustine grew to be a particularly skillful and persuasive defender of Christianity against critics from multiple directions. At the same time, Augustine appears to have grown increasingly skeptical of his youthful opinion that Christianity and classical philosophy might be readily reconciled by way of Neoplatonism. Though Augustineâs work De Civitate Dei (The City of God) contains considerable praise for Platonic philosophy and its intellectual inheritors, more apparent within the work are the major differences between the Platonic tradition and many of the teachings of the Church, with Augustine, not surprisingly, lending his own support to the latter. In his personal life, Augustine is described as living a life of tireless work and rigorous denial of earthly pleasures.
Augustine devoted his final days to prayer and repentance as he battled illness and watched his home, Hippo, besieged by Germanic invaders. Shortly after his death in 430 the city was burnt to the ground by its attackers, who, nonetheless, left Augustineâs library unharmed. He was subsequently canonized and was named a Doctor of the Church in 1298. He continues to serve as the patron saint of printers, brewers, and theologians.
We Need More Holy Fools
A man is trapped in a car, rushing down a hill toward a cliff. The doors are locked. The brakes are out. The steering barely works. Far ahead, he can see other cars hurtling into the abyss. How far they fall, he does not know. What they find at the bottom, he cannot imagine. But he does not seek to know; he does not try to imagine. Instead, he paints the windshield, climbs into the back seat, and puts in his headphones. This image, adapted from Peter Kreeft, captures my life in January 2008, as I walked down a college sidewalk in Colorado. The car was my body; the hill, time; the cliff, death. I was, as we all are, rushing toward the moment when my pulse would stop. And though unsure of what would come afterward, I found a thousand ways to look away. âThe Lord looks down from heaven on the children of man, to see if there are any who understand, who seek after Godâ (Psalm 14:2). Like so many other children of men, I neither understood nor sought, I neither asked nor knocked, but let myself tumble through time without a thought of eternity. I was a âfool,â to put it bluntly (Psalm 14:1). And I desperately needed another kind of fool to wake me up. Puncturing the Daydream Few people, perhaps, would look at a normal Western life like mine â busy, successful, spiritually indifferent â and say, âfolly.â But could it be because the folly is socially acceptable? Might we modern Western men and women have made a silent pact to ignore eternity? âMight we modern Western men and women have made a silent pact to ignore eternity?â Blaise Pascal, seventeenth-century Christian polymath, thought so. When Pascal looked round at his modern country, neighbors, and self, he saw a collective pathology, a shared insanity: âManâs sensitivity to little things and insensitivity to the greatest things are marks of a strange disorder,â he said ( Christianity for Modern Pagans , 203). We cultivate hobbies, and follow celebrities, and read the news without knowing why we exist. We stumble through an unthinkably vast cosmos, circled round by unthinkably intricate wonders, too distracted to ask, âWho made this?â We develop firm opinions about politics, and care not whether souls live forever, and where. We look often into our mirrors and seldom into our deep and fallen hearts. A strange disorder indeed. And so, Pascal walked around with needles in hand, seeking to puncture the daydream of secular or religiously nominal apathy to eternity. His unfinished book PensĂ©es  (abridged and explained in Kreeftâs masterful Christianity for Modern Pagans ) may have been his sharpest needle. What Is a Life âWell-Livedâ? Our lives here are hemmed in by mystery and uncertainty. We live on a small rock in an immense universe. We know little about where we came from or where weâre going. We struggle even to understand ourselves. But a few matters remain clear and unmistakable, including the great fact that, one day, we will die. Our car hurtles down the hill, lower today than yesterday. The abyss awaits. And what then? For secular or nominally religious countrymen like Pascalâs, and ours, the options are two: âthe inescapable and appalling alternative of being annihilated or wretched throughout eternityâ (191). Either Christianity is false, and our flickering candle goes out forever â or Christianity is true, and, awakening to lifeâs meaning too late, we fall âinto the hands of a wrathful Godâ (193). A society like ours would lead us to believe that eighty years âwell livedâ (whatever that means) filled with âpersonal meaningâ (whatever that means) makes for a good life; we need seek no more. To Pascal, those were the words of one who had painted the windshield black. Death, rightly reckoned with, functions like the final scene of a tragic play: it reaches its fingers back into all of life, disfiguring every moment, darkly witnessing that all is not well. âThe last act is bloody, however fine the rest of the play,â Pascal writes. âThey throw earth over your head and it is finished foreverâ (144). Stand above the hole in the ground, the dust from which we came and to which weâll return (Genesis 3:19), and consider: âThat is the end of the worldâs most illustrious lifeâ (191). âWe ourselves are an enigma, wrapped in a world of mystery, headed inevitably for the grave.â We ourselves are an enigma, wrapped in a world of mystery, headed inevitably for the grave. Such a dire plight might send us searching for wisdom, if it werenât for our insane âsolution.â Insanity of Our âSolutionsâ How do we â mortal men and women, nearing the cliffâs edge â typically respond to our plight? âWe run heedlessly into the abyss after putting something in front of us to stop us seeing itâ (145). We deny. We divert. We distract. Until one day we die. Of course, no one ever says, âI will distract myself because I donât want to consider my death and what may come afterward.â We suppress the truth more subconsciously than that (Romans 1:18). Instinctively, we avoid the âhouse of mourning,â or else dress it with euphemisms, for fear of facing, terribly and unmistakably, that âthis is the end of all mankindâ â that this is our  end (Ecclesiastes 7:2). Summarizing Pascal, Kreeft writes, If you are typically modern, your life is like a rich mansion with a terrifying hole right in the middle of the living-room floor. So you paper over the hole with a very busy wallpaper pattern to distract yourself. You find a rhinoceros in the middle of your house. The rhinoceros is wretchedness and death. How in the world can you hide a rhinoceros? Easy: cover it with a million mice. Multiply diversions. (169) Eighty years may seem like a long time to distract yourself from the most fundamental questions of life and death. But with hearts like ours, in a world like ours, it is not too long. Make a career. Raise a family. Build wealth. Plan vacations. Get promoted. Watch movies. Collect sports cards. Read the news. Play golf. Resist uncomfortable questions. We hang a curtain over the cliffâs edge that keeps us from seeing the abyss. But not from rushing into it. Sanest People in the World Our chosen âsolution,â then, only aggravates our dire plight. Our distractions sedate us on the way to death rather than sending us searching for some escape. Which means the world has a desperate need for people like Pascal, men and women whom we might call (to use a phrase from church history) holy fools . The term holy fools  drips with the same irony Paul used when he spoke of âthe foolishness of Godâ (1 Corinthians 1:25) and said, âWe are fools for Christâ (1 Corinthians 4:10). In truth, holy fools are the worldâs sanest people. They have felt the sting of sin and death. They have found deliverance in Jesus Christ. And now they are trying to tell the world. With Pascal, they see that âthere are only two classes of people who can be called reasonable: those who serve God with all their heart because they know him and those who seek him with all their heart because they do not know himâ (195). And so, holy fools call people into the âfollyâ that is our only sanity. They come to those caught in distraction, lost in diversion, and they serve, love, persuade, and prod. They risk reputation and comfort, willing to look foolish in the eyes of a wayward world. They bring eternity into everyday conversations with cashiers, neighbors, and other parents at the park. Boldly and patiently, courageously and graciously, they say, âSee your death. See your sin. And seek him with all your heart.â To those bent on diversion, holy fools may seem imbalanced, extreme, awkward, pushy. But not to everyone. Some, as they hear of the Christ these fools preach, will catch a glimmer of âthe power of God and the wisdom of Godâ (1 Corinthians 1:24). And they will become another fool for him. Give Us More Fools for Christ Pascal (and the apostle Paul) make me feel that I am not yet the fool I ought to be. Too often, I prefer social decorum to holy discomfort, this-worldly niceness to next-worldly boldness. But they also make me feel a keen gratitude for the holy fools among us, and a longing to be more like them. For I owe my life to one. In January 2008, as my little car rushed down the hill, and as I did what I could to cover my eyes, someone stopped me on the sidewalk. I would later learn that he belonged to a campus ministry widely known for sharing Jesus with students â widely known, but not widely loved. Their message was, to most, foolishness â and their way of stopping others on the sidewalk, a stumbling block. But to me that day, by grace, it looked like the wisdom of God. In time, I would realize that my various diversions could not deliver me from death. Nor could a life âwell livedâ forgive my sins or undig my grave. Only Jesus could. It took a holy fool to make me sane, and oh how the world needs more.