About the Book
"Lives of Angels" by Emanuel Swedenborg is a theological exploration of the nature and characteristics of angels as depicted in various religious traditions. Swedenborg describes angels as spiritual beings who exist in a higher realm and act as messengers of God, guiding and protecting individuals on Earth. The book delves into the origins, duties, and attributes of angels, offering insight into their role in the divine plan and their interactions with humanity.
John Wesley
John Wesley, (born June 17, 1703, Epworth, Lincolnshire, Englandâdied March 2, 1791, London), Anglican clergyman, evangelist, and founder, with his brother Charles, of the Methodist movement in the Church of England.
John Wesley was the second son of Samuel, a former Nonconformist (dissenter from the Church of England) and rector at Epworth, and Susanna Wesley. After six years of education at the Charterhouse, London, he entered Christ Church, Oxford University, in 1720. Graduating in 1724, he resolved to become ordained a priest; in 1725 he was made a deacon by the bishop of Oxford and the following year was elected a fellow of Lincoln College. After assisting his father at Epworth and Wroot, he was ordained a priest on September 22, 1728.
Recalled to Oxford in October 1729 to fulfill the residential requirements of his fellowship, John joined his brother Charles, Robert Kirkham, and William Morgan in a religious study group that was derisively called the âMethodistsâ because of their emphasis on methodical study and devotion. Taking over the leadership of the group from Charles, John helped the group to grow in numbers. The âMethodists,â also called the Holy Club, were known for their frequent communion services and for fasting two days a week. From 1730 on, the group added social services to their activities, visiting Oxford prisoners, teaching them to read, paying their debts, and attempting to find employment for them. The Methodists also extended their activities to workhouses and poor people, distributing food, clothes, medicine, and books and also running a school. When the Wesleys left the Holy Club in 1735, the group disintegrated.
Following his fatherâs death in April 1735, John was persuaded by an Oxford friend, John Burton, and Col. James Oglethorpe, governor of the colony of Georgia in North America, to oversee the spiritual lives of the colonists and to missionize the Native Americans as an agent for the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. Accompanied by Charles, who was ordained for this mission, John was introduced to some Moravian emigrants who appeared to him to possess the spiritual peace for which he had been searching. The mission to the indigenous peoples proved abortive, nor did Wesley succeed with most of his flock. He served them faithfully, but his stiff high churchmanship antagonized them. He had a naive attachment to Sophia Hopkey, niece of the chief magistrate of Savannah, who married another man, and Wesley unwisely courted criticism by repelling her from Holy Communion. In December 1737 he fled from Georgia; misunderstandings and persecution stemming from the Sophia Hopkey episode forced him to go back to England.
In London John met a Moravian, Peter BĂśhler, who convinced him that what he needed was simply faith, and he also discovered Martin Lutherâs commentary on the Letter of Paul to the Galatians, which emphasized the scriptural doctrine of justification by grace through faith alone. On May 24, 1738, in Aldersgate Street, London, during a meeting composed largely of Moravians under the auspices of the Church of England, Wesleyâs intellectual conviction was transformed into a personal experience while Lutherâs preface to the commentary to the Letter of Paul to the Romans was being read.
From this point onward, at the age of 35, Wesley viewed his mission in life as one of proclaiming the good news of salvation by faith, which he did whenever a pulpit was offered him. The congregations of the Church of England, however, soon closed their doors to him because of his enthusiasm. He then went to religious societies, trying to inject new spiritual vigour into them, particularly by introducing âbandsâ similar to those of the Moraviansâi.e., small groups within each society that were confined to members of the same sex and marital status who were prepared to share intimate details of their lives with each other and to receive mutual rebukes. For such groups Wesley drew up Rules of the Band Societies in December 1738.
For a year he worked through existing church societies, but resistance to his methods increased. In 1739 George Whitefield, who later became an important preacher of the Great Awakening in Great Britain and North America, persuaded Wesley to go to the unchurched masses. Wesley gathered converts into societies for continuing fellowship and spiritual growth, and he was asked by a London group to become their leader. Soon other such groups were formed in London, Bristol, and elsewhere. To avoid the scandal of unworthy members, Wesley published, in 1743, Rules for the Methodist societies. To promote new societies he became a widely travelled itinerant preacher. Because most ordained clergymen did not favour his approach, Wesley was compelled to seek the services of dedicated laymen, who also became itinerant preachers and helped administer the Methodist societies.
Many of Wesleyâs preachers had gone to the American colonies, but after the American Revolution most returned to England. Because the bishop of London would not ordain some of his preachers to serve in the United States, Wesley controversially took it upon himself, in 1784, to do so. In the same year he pointed out that his societies operated independently of any control by the Church of England.
Toward the end of his life, Wesley became an honoured figure in the British Isles.
the sluggard in me - four lies that lead to lazy
Come, follow closely, and gaze for a moment upon a rare creature in his native habitat. There he is, drooling upon his pillow an hour before lunchtime, creaking over the bedsprings like a door on its hinges. âHow long will you lie there? When will you arise from your sleep?â his mother shouts from the kitchen. Quiet, now: she has roused him. Here he comes, stumbling into his chair, and begins to feed. âWhatâs wrong with a little sleep, a little slumber?â he mumbles between mouthfuls. A dozen handfuls later, however, he stops, his hand submerged in his cereal like a sunk boat. He breathes heavily, chin against his chest, and begins to snore again. Meet the sluggard (Proverbs 26:14; 6:9â10; 19:24). He is a figure of âtragi-comedy,â Derek Kidner writes ( Proverbs , 39): comedy, because the sluggardâs laziness makes him ludicrous; tragedy, because only sin could so debase a man. The image of God was never meant to yawn through life. Yet those who are paying attention will also see something more in this tragi-comic sloth: themselves. We all have an inner sluggard, counseling us to sleep when we should rise, rest when we should work, eat when we should move. âThe wise man,â Kidner goes on to write, knows that the sluggard is no freak, but, as often as not, an ordinary man who has made too many excuses, too many refusals, and too many postponements. It has all been as imperceptible, and as pleasant, as falling asleep. (40) We donât need to look far, then, to see the sluggard in his native habitat. We only need to hear his âexcuses,â ârefusals,â and âpostponements,â and then listen for their inner echo. âI need just a little more.â A little sleep, a little slumber, a little folding of the hands to rest. (Proverbs 6:10; 24:33) The words sit in the mouth of the sluggard more than once in Proverbs. They are, perhaps, his motto, his favorite response to the wisdom of the diligent. âEarly to rest, early to rise . . .â they tell him; âA little sleep, a little slumber . . .â he answers. âAn ordinary man becomes a sluggard one small surrender at a time.â Sluggishness often hides beneath that eminently reasonable phrase âjust a little more.â What harm could a little  do? Whatâs one more snooze cycle? Whatâs one more show? Whatâs one more refreshing of the timeline? Not much, in itself: but much indeed when piled atop ten thousand other littles  and one mores . They may seem like âsmall surrendersâ (to use a phrase from Bruce Waltke, Proverbs , 131) â and they are. But an ordinary man becomes a sluggard one small surrender at a time. How do the wise respond? They know that diligent Christians are not a special species of saint. Like the sluggard, the diligent daily face unpleasant tasks. Unlike the sluggard, the diligent speak a different motto: âA little labor, a little energy, a little moving of the hands to work.â Instead of building a stack of small surrenders, they build a stack of small successes â taking little step by little step in the strength that God supplies. Over time, how we handle little  is no little matter. Little drudgeries, little tasks, little opportunities: these are the moments when the sluggard gains ground in our souls, or loses it. âThereâs always tomorrow.â The sluggard does not plow in the autumn; he will seek at harvest and have nothing. (Proverbs 20:4) Often enough, âjust a little moreâ achieves the sluggardâs purpose. But if, for some reason, his conscience should protest, he has another word at his disposal that rarely fails: tomorrow . Autumn was the season for plowing and planting in ancient Israel, and summer the season for harvest. We donât know exactly why the sluggard took it easy while his neighbors plowed their fields. Maybe the difficulty of the task daunted him, or maybe, as the King James Version suggests, the seasonâs chill deterred him: âThe sluggard will not plow by reason of the cold .â Either way, he no doubt fell asleep on many autumn nights warmed by the thought, âThereâs always tomorrowâ â until one day he woke up in winter. When the sluggard finally arrived at his chosen tomorrow , the time for plowing and planting had escaped his grasp. How often have we too discovered that tomorrow is too late? The conversation we should have initiated yesterday proves more awkward today. The essay we should have begun last week overwhelms us this week. The forgiveness we should have sought last month feels harder to seek this month. Autumn has passed, winter has come, and opportunity has slipped through our fingers. The wise learn to take the farmerâs view of life: when the time comes to plow, a farmer pays more attention to the season than to his feelings. And when the time comes to tackle our own difficult tasks, the wise do the same. âI would be putting myself at risk.â There is a lion outside! I shall be killed in the streets! (Proverbs 22:13; see also 26:13) Indulging a bad excuse is a little like feeding a pigeon: give bread to one, and twenty more will soon coo at your feet. Bad excuses breed bad excuses â and even worse excuses over time. And so, when a friend, family member, or boss refuses to entertain the sluggardâs littles  and tomorrows , he takes more radical measures: âHavenât you seen the lion roaming the streets? Iâll die!â Did any sluggard ever attempt such an excuse? Maybe. âLaziness is a great lion-maker,â says Charles Spurgeon. âHe who does little dreams much. His imagination could create not only a lion but a whole menagerie of wild beastsâ (âOne Lion: Two Lions: No Lion at Allâ). For our own purposes, however, we can consider a tamer version of the sluggardâs beast: âI would be putting myself at risk.â To our inner sluggard, a scratch in the throat is cause for a sick day, a little tiredness is reason to nap instead of mow, and a long day at work is justification for skipping small group. After all, our bodies and minds need  the rest, donât they? Care is required here, of course. Some people really do  work their bodies into the dust, forsaking the rest God gives and âeating the bread of anxious toilâ (Psalm 127:2). The sluggard, however, is prone to label as âanxious toilâ any work that meets with inner resistance. He forgets that overcoming such resistance is part of what makes diligence diligence . God made our bodies to bend and strain, our minds to crank and labor, our souls to strive and press. The lion called âLazyâ will counsel us to avoid the strain, but diligence will slay the lion. âWhat do you know about the pressures Iâm under?â The sluggard is wiser in his own eyes than seven men who can answer sensibly. (Proverbs 26:16) Confront a sluggard in his sluggishness, and you may find that he has a penchant for euphemisms. âHe has no idea that he is lazy,â writes Kidner on Proverbs 26:13â16. He is not a shirker but a ârealistâ (13); not self-indulgent but âbelow his best in the morningâ (14); his inertia is âan objection to being hustledâ (15); his mental indolence a fine âsticking to his gunsâ (16). ( Proverbs , 156) Our own sluggishness, then, often appears in our defenses against the charge. Once, as a single man, I told a mentor, âI need more time to myself.â âYou donât need  it,â he responded. Immediately, I raised the drawbridge, manned the ramparts, and launched inward mortars against the attack. What could he, a husband and father of three, possibly know about the pressures I was under? The self-defense is laughable now, but back then, wise in my own eyes, I couldnât accept that much of what I called âalone timeâ was better labeled âsluggishness.â The sluggard sees his own work as the hardest work, his own excuses as the best excuses, his own diversions as the most reasonable diversions â no matter what his friends, wife, or pastor may say. But the wise learn to develop a self-distrustful posture. Rather than responding to requests or challenges with an inward Donât you see my burdens?  they remember their proneness to folly, and learn to call the sluggard by his real name. The Christian and the Sluggard Between the Christian and the sluggard, Spurgeon says, âthere should be as wide a division as between the poles.â Heâs right. âChristianâ and âsluggardâ go together like âhusbandâ and âplayboy,â like âjudgeâ and âthiefâ: the latter destroys the integrity of the former. âIn Christ we find our pattern for work. In Christ we find our power for work. And in Christ the sluggard dies.â And why? Because Christians belong to Jesus Christ, and Jesus Christ was not sluggish. He was no workaholic, of course: he could feast, rest, sleep, and develop deep relationships. But oh did he work. In the Gospels we find not the sluggishness but âthe steadfastness  of Christâ (2 Thessalonians 3:5): the diligence of one who never entertained âjust a little moreâ or âtomorrow,â but worked while it was day (John 9:4). He plowed in the autumn cold of life, forsaking every excuse not to save us. And he never cried âlion!â though he walked into the den (Psalm 22:21). Therefore, the apostle Paul can say to the sluggish, âSuch persons we command and encourage in the Lord Jesus Christ  to do their workâ (2 Thessalonians 3:12). In Christ we find our pattern for work. In Christ we find our power for work. And in Christ the sluggard dies.