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About the Book
"The Innovators" by Walter Isaacson explores the history of the digital revolution and the key figures who played a crucial role in shaping the modern world through their groundbreaking inventions and innovations. The book delves into the stories of visionaries like Ada Lovelace, Alan Turing, Bill Gates, and Steve Jobs, highlighting how collaboration and teamwork have been integral to the advancement of technology. Isaacson also examines the important technological developments that have paved the way for the digital age, emphasizing the importance of combining creativity with technical expertise to create lasting change.
Charles Hodge
Scholar, educator, churchman, and distinguished American Presbyterian systematic theologian of the nineteenth century, Charles Hodge was born in Philadelphia in 1797. Following his fatherâs untimely death a few years after he was born, Charles and his brother were raised by their godly widowed mother. In 1812 Hodgeâs mother moved the family to Princeton in hope of matriculating her sons at Princeton College.
Charles Hodge graduated from Princeton College in 1815. During the 1814-15 school year a revival broke out on the college campus: Charles was one of a number of students converted during this time of spiritual refreshing. At the encouragement of Archibald Alexander, he enrolled at Princeton Theological Seminary, graduating with the class of 1819.
Ordained in 1821, his scholarly gifts led to an appointment by his denomination in 1822 to serve as the seminaryâs third faculty member. As Professor of Oriental and Biblical Literature, Hodgeâs primary responsibility was instruction in biblical languages, hermeneutics, biblical criticism, and study of Old Testament texts. During 1826-28, he travelled to Europe to study with the leading European biblical and theological scholars. Hodge focused his studies on theology and biblical interpretation, with additional concentration in Semitic and cognate languages. His studies in Europe made him one of the leading Hebraists teaching in an American theological institution in the early nineteenth century. In the coming decade, Hodge would be assisted by the linguistic talent and philological expertise of Joseph Addison Alexander.
With Addisonâs arrival, Hodge concentrated his labours on New Testament texts and studies, serving as Professor of Exegetical and Didactic Theology from 1840 to 1854. From 1854 until his death in 1878, he served as Professor of Exegetical, Didactic, and Polemic Theology.
During his half-century tenure at Princeton, Charles Hodge held several chairs, but is probably best remembered for the reputation he established as Professor of Systematic Theology. A stout Calvinist with a deep love for the Reformed confessions, his literary labours often involved a polemical thrust, as he sought to defend and expound the Reformed theology of the Protestant Reformation, and the teachings of the Westminster Confession and the Larger and Shorter Catechisms, as received and adopted by the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America.
A prolific author, Hodge served for many years as editor of the seminary journal, Biblical Repertory and Princeton Review. Under his editorship, it became the leading theological journal of the nineteenth century: Hodgeâs personal contributions included articles on biblical studies, spirituality, church history and historical theology, ecclesiological issues, philosophy, politics, slavery, abolition and the Civil War. An active churchman, he was at the forefront of ecclesiastical debates and discussion. In addition to articles and essays, Hodge published commentaries on Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians, and Ephesians. A major historical work in defence of old-school Presbyterian doctrine and practice, The Constitutional History of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America, appeared in 1840. His popular work on piety, The Way of Life, was published in 1841. His three-volume magnum opus, Systematic Theology, was published in 1872-73, and confirmed him as the outstanding Calvinistic systematic theologian of the nineteenth century. Additional publications on the relationship between Christianity and science, and a collection of essays delivered at the Sabbath Afternoon Conferences (published by the Trust as Princeton Sermons), served to further confirm the breadth of his academic competency and the depth of his Christian piety.
[James M. Garretson in Princeton and the Work of the Christian Ministry, Volume 2 (Banner of Truth, 2012)]
weakness may be your greatest strength
How well are you investing the weaknesses youâve been given? Perhaps no one has ever asked you that question before. Perhaps it sounds nonsensical. After all, people invest assets  in order to increase their value. They donât invest liabilities . They try to eliminate or minimize or even cover up liabilities. Itâs easy for us to see our strengths as assets. But most of us naturally consider our weaknesses as liabilities â deficiencies to minimize or cover up. But God, in his providence, gives us our weaknesses just as he gives us our strengths. In Godâs economy, where the return on investment he most values is âfaith working through loveâ (Galatians 5:6), weaknesses become assets â we can even call them talents  â to be stewarded, to be invested. It may even be that the most valuable asset God has given you to steward is not a strength, but a weakness. But if weâre to value weaknesses as assets, we need to see clearly where Scripture teaches this. The apostle Paul provides us with the clearest theology of the priceless value of weakness. I have found 1 Corinthians 1:18â2:16 and, frankly, the entire book of 2 Corinthians, to be immensely helpful in understanding the indispensable role weakness plays in strengthening the faith and witness of individual Christians and the church as a whole. Paradoxical Power of Weakness Paulâs most famous statement on the paradoxical spiritual power of weakness appears in 2 Corinthians 12. He tells us of his ecstatic experience of being âcaught up into paradise,â where he received overwhelming and ineffable revelations (2 Corinthians 12:1â4). But as a result, a thorn was given me in the flesh, a messenger of Satan to harass me, to keep me from becoming conceited. Three times I pleaded with the Lord about this, that it should leave me. But he said to me, âMy grace is sufficient for you, for my power is made perfect in weakness.â Therefore I will boast all the more gladly of my weaknesses, so that the power of Christ may rest upon me. For the sake of Christ, then, I am content with weaknesses, insults, hardships, persecutions, and calamities. For when I am weak, then I am strong. (2 Corinthians 12:7â10) In these few sentences, Paul completely reframes the way Christians are to view weaknesses, even deeply painful ones that can appear to hinder our calling and that the powers of darkness seek to exploit. What at first seems to us like an expensive liability turns out to be a valuable, God-given asset. Weakness and Sin Before we go further, we need to be clear that Paul does not include sin  in his description of weakness here. The Greek word Paul uses is astheneia , the most common word for âweaknessâ in the New Testament. J.I. Packer, in his helpful study on 2 Corinthians, Weakness Is the Way , explains astheneia  like this: The idea from first to last is of inadequacy. We talk about physical weakness [including sickness and disability] . . . intellectual weakness . . . personal weakness . . . a weak position when a person lacks needed resources and cannot move situations forward or influence events as desired . . . relational weakness when persons who should be leading and guiding fail to do so â weak parents, weak pastors, and so on. (13â14) But when Paul speaks of sin, he has more than inadequacy in mind. The Greek word for âsinâ he typically uses is hamartia , which refers to something that incurs guilt before God. Hamartia  happens when we think, act, or feel in ways that transgress what God forbids. âWeaknesses manifest Godâs power in us in ways our strengths donât.â Though Paul was aware that hamartia  could lead to astheneia  (1 Corinthians 11:27â30) and astheneia  could lead to hamartia  (Matthew 26:41), he clearly did not believe âweaknessâ was synonymous with âsin.â For he rebuked those who boasted that their sin displayed the power and immensity of Godâs grace (Romans 6:1â2). But he âgladlyâ boasted of his weaknesses because they displayed the power and immensity of Godâs grace (2 Corinthians 12:9). In sin, we turn from God to idols, which profanes God, destroys faith, and obscures God in the eyes of others. But weakness has the tendency to increase our conscious dependence on God, which glorifies him, strengthens our faith, and manifests his power in ways our strengths never do. And thatâs the surprising value of our weaknesses: they manifest Godâs power in us in ways our strengths donât. Thatâs what Jesus meant when he told Paul, âMy power is made perfect in weaknessâ (2 Corinthians 12:9) â âperfectâ meaning complete  or entirely accomplished . Our weaknesses are indispensable because God manifests the fullness of his power through them. Asset Disguised as a Liability At this point, you may be thinking, âWhatever Paulâs âthornâ was, my weakness is not like that.â Right. Thatâs what we all think. I have a thorn-like weakness, known only to those closest to me. If I shared it with you, you might be surprised. It dogs me daily as I seek to carry out my family, vocational, and ministry responsibilities. It makes almost everything harder and regularly tempts me to exasperation. Itâs not romantic, certainly not heroic. It humbles me in embarrassing, not noble, ways. And most painful to me, I can see how in certain ways it makes life harder for those I live and work with. Often it has seemed to me a liability. Iâve pleaded with the Lord, even in tears, to remove it or grant me more power to overcome it. But itâs still here. Paul also initially saw his weakness as a grievous liability and pleaded repeatedly to be delivered from it. But as soon as he understood Christâs purposes in it, he saw it in a whole new light: a priceless asset disguised as a liability. And he gloried in the depths of Godâs knowledge, wisdom, and omnipotent grace. âGod, in his providence, gives us our weaknesses just as he gives us our strengths.â I have been slower than Paul in learning to see my thorn as an asset (and honestly, Iâm still learning). But I see at least some of the ways this weakness has strengthened me. It has forced me to live daily in dependent faith on Godâs grace. It has heightened my gratitude for those God has placed around me who have strengths where Iâm weak. Beset with my own weakness, I am more prone to deal gently and patiently with others who struggle with weaknesses different from mine (Hebrews 5:2). And I can see now how it has seasoned much of what Iâve written over the years with certain insights I doubt would have come otherwise. In other words, I see ways God has manifested his power more completely through my perplexing weakness. The fact that we donât know what Paulâs thorn was is evidence of Godâs wisdom. If we did, we likely would compare our weaknesses to his and conclude that ours have no such spiritual value. And we would be wrong. Stewards of Surprising Talents Paul said that his weakness, his âthorn . . . in the flesh,â was âgivenâ to him (2 Corinthians 12:7). Given by whom? Whatever role Satan played, in Paulâs mind he was secondary. Paul received this weakness, as well as âinsults, hardships, persecutions, and calamitiesâ (2 Corinthians 12:10), as assets given to him by his Lord. And as a â[steward] of the mysteries of Godâ (1 Corinthians 4:1), he considered his weaknesses a crucial part of the portfolio his Master had entrusted to him. So, he determined to invest them well in order that his Master would see as much of a return as possible. If youâre familiar with Jesusâs parable of the talents (Matthew 25:14â30), you might recognize that Iâm drawing from its imagery. Jesus has given each of us different âtalentsâ to steward, assets of immense kingdom value, âeach according to his abilityâ (Matthew 25:15). And his expectation is that we will invest them well while we wait for his return. Some of these talents are strengths and abilities our Lord has given us. But some of them are our weaknesses, our inadequacies and limitations, which heâs also given to us. And heâs given us these weaknesses not only to increase in us the invaluable and shareable treasure of humility (2 Corinthians 12:7), but also to increase our strength in the most important aspects of our being: faith and love (2 Corinthians 12:10). But our weaknesses are not only given to us as individuals; they are also given to the church. Our limitations, as much as our abilities, are crucial to Christâs design to equip his body so that it works properly and âbuilds itself up in loveâ (Ephesians 4:16). Our weaknesses make us depend on one another in ways our strengths donât (1 Corinthians 12:21â26). Which means they are given to the church for the same reason they are given to us individually: so that the church may grow strong in faith (1 Corinthians 2:3â5) and love (1 Corinthians 13) â two qualities that uniquely manifest Jesusâs reality and power to the world (John 13:35). Donât Bury Your Weaknesses Someday, when our Master returns, he will ask us to give an account of the talents heâs entrusted to us. Some of those talents will be our weaknesses. We donât want to tell him we buried any of them. It may even be that the most valuable talent in our investment portfolio turns out to be a weakness. Since âit is required of stewards that they be found faithfulâ (1 Corinthians 4:2), we would be wise to examine how faithfully we are stewarding the talents of our weaknesses. So, how well are you investing the weaknesses youâve been given?