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About the Book
"Counterfeit Gods" by Timothy J. Keller explores the false idols and modern-day idols that people often worship instead of true faith in God. Keller uses Biblical teachings and real-life examples to show how these idols can never truly satisfy our deepest longings, and how only a relationship with God can bring true fulfillment and purpose.
Charles Finney
Childhood and Teen years
Charles Grandison Finney was born the year after Wesley died on 29th August, 1792 in Warren, Connecticut. In 1794 his family moved to New York state, eventually settling at Henderson, near Lake Ontario. Although he received only a brief formal education he decided to study law and joined the practice of a local lawyer, Benjamin Wright. He was also very musical, played the cello and directed the choir at the local Presbyterian Church pastured by Rev. George Gale.
His conversion
His conversion on October 10th 1821 reads like something out of the book of Acts. Smitten with conviction from Bible reading he decided to âsettle the question of my soulâs salvation at once, that if it were possible, I would make my peace with God.â (Autobiography)
This conviction increased to an unbearable level over the next couple of days and came to an head when he was suddenly confronted with an âinward voice.â He was inwardly questioned about his spiritual condition and finally received revelation about the finished work of Christ and his own need to give up his sins and submit to Christâs righteousness.
As he sought God in a nearby wood he was overwhelmed with an acute sense of his own wickedness and pride but finally submitted his life to Christ. Back at work that afternoon he was filled with a profound sense of tenderness, sweetness and peace. When work was over and he bade his employer goodnight, he then experienced a mighty baptism in the Holy Spirit, which was recorded as vividly as the day he experienced it, though it was penned some fifty years later.
The next morning Finney announced to a customer that he was leaving his law studies to become a preacher of the Gospel.
Charles Finney licensed to preach
He was licensed to preach in 1823 and ordained as an evangelist in 1824. His penetrating preaching was quite different from many local ministers and included an obvious attempt to break away from the traditional and, as he saw it, dead, orthodox Calvinism. He married to Lydia Andrews in October 1824 and was also joined by Daniel Nash (1774-1831), known popularly as âFather Nash.â Undoubtedly Nashâs special ministry of prayer played a great part in Finneyâs growing success as an evangelist.
Things really took off when he preached in his old church, where Rev. Gale still ministered. Numerous converts and critics followed! Similar results were experienced in nearby towns of Rome and Utica. Soon newspapers were reporting his campaigns and he began drawing large crowds with dramatic responses.
Soon he was preaching in the largest cities of the north with phenomenal results. Campaign after campaign secured thousands of converts.
The high point of Finneyâs revival career was reached at Rochester, New York, during his 1830-1 meetings. Shopkeepers closed their businesses and the whole city seemed to centre on the revivalist. Responding to his irresistible logic and passionate arguments many of his converts were lawyers, merchants and those from a higher income and professional status.
His Preaching
Finney openly preached a modified Calvinism, influenced with his own theology of conversion and used what were perceived to be ârevivalistic techniques.â
These âmeansâ included the use of the anxious bench (a special place for those under conviction), protracted meetings, women allowed to pray in mixed meetings, publicly naming those present resisting God in meetings and the hurried admission of new converts into church membership. Opponents viewed his preaching of the law as âscare tacticsâ and his persuasive appeals for sinners to come to Christ for salvation were seen as over-emphasising the responsibility of men and ignoring the sovereignty of God.
His theology and practise soon became known as the âNew Measuresâ and attracted many opponents from the Old School Presbyterians led by Asahel Nettleton (himself no stranger to true revival and , the revivalistic Congregationalists headed by Lyman Beecher.
Pastor at Chatham Street Chapel
Finney accepted an appointment as pastor of Chatham Street Chapel in New York City in 1832 where he remained until 1837. It was during this time that he delivered a series of sermons published in 1835 as âLectures on Revivals of Religion.â Here he clearly stated his views regarding revivals being products of the correct use of human means. Such was the controversy that he left the Presbyterian denomination and joined the Congregationalists in 1836.
Oberlin College
The next year he became professor of theology at Oberlin College (Ohio) where he taught until his death. He was President here from 1851 until 1866, but still continued regular revival meetings in urban settings (twice in England, 1848, 1851) until 1860. During his stay at Oberlin he produced his, Lectures to Professing Christians (1836), Sermons on Important Subjects (1839) and his famous Memoirs.
The Father of Modern Revivalism
There is no doubt that Charles Grandison Finney well-deserves the title âThe Father of Modern Revivalism.â He was an evangelistic pioneer whose model was followed by a long line of revivalists from D. L. Moody to Billy Graham. His writing have made a massive impact on the entire evangelical world and particularly the âLectures on Revivalsâ which has, arguably, ignited more fires of revival than any other single piece literature in evangelical history.
This âPrince of Revivalistsâ passed away peacefully at Oberlin on Sunday, 16th August, 1875 aged almost 83 years.
Bibliography: I Will Pour Out My Spirit, R. E. Davies, 1997; Ed: A. Scott Moreau, Baker Evangelical Dictionary of World Missions, 2000; Dictionary of Evangelical Biography 1730-1860, Vol. 1, 1995.
Tony Cauchi
when they hurt you with words
The spirit of the old adage âwords will never harm meâ is not the sentiment of the Scriptures. Words can hurt, even when directed from an unknown profile online. God made a world in which words are powerful. âDeath and life are in the power of the tongueâ (Proverbs 18:21). And as public discourse falls to new lows in the digital age, God has not left us without a guide for how to respond to the pain when we are persecuted with words. Leaf through the New Testament, and youâll find verbal attacks on Jesus, his apostles, and his church on nearly every page. At times, these attacks escalate to physical persecution â the stoning of Stephen, the martyrdom of James, the imprisonments of Peter and Paul, the crucifixion of Christ â but what remains constant, and significant, is a torrent of verbal persecution against Jesus and his people. And verbal persecution is not less than persecution because itâs verbal. Have You Been Reviled? Slander  and revile  are two of the main words for verbal attack in the English New Testament, and both occur frequently. Early Christians were so accustomed to being spoken against that they developed a rich vocabulary (if you call it that) of being slandered, reviled, insulted, maligned, mocked, and spoken evil against (at least six different Greek verbs, along with several related nouns and adjectives). Of the English terms, revile  may be the least common in normal usage today. One dictionary defines it as âto criticize in an abusive or angrily insulting manner.â To take our cues from specific biblical texts, revile  can mean âto speak evil againstâ (Matthew 5:11; Mark 9:39; Acts 19:9; 23:4); it is the opposite of verbally honoring someone (Mark 7:10). Reviling is an attempt to injure with words (1 Peter 3:16). We see it at Jesusâs crucifixion, where âthose who passed by derided himâ with their words, and the chief priests, scribes, and elders âmocked him,â and âthe robbers who were crucified with him also reviled  him in the same wayâ (Matthew 27:39â44). But Jesus not only endured it; he prepared us for it as well. He and his apostles, and the early church, model for us how to receive and respond to slander and reviling. 1. Expect the world to say the worst. Amid this rich vocabulary of verbal attack, the New Testament sends no mixed signals as to whether Christians will be maligned. We will. Jews and Gentiles together bombarded Jesus and his disciples with verbal attacks. Physical persecution came and went, but reviling remained constant. When Paul arrived in Rome, the Jews reported to him, about Christianity, âWith regard to this sect we know that everywhere it is spoken againstâ (Acts 28:22). For Christians, being reviled is not a matter of if  but when : âwhen they speak against youâ (1 Peter 2:12). Unbelievers âare surprised when you do not join them in the same flood of debaucheryâ â so what do they do? âThey malign youâ (1 Peter 4:4). After all, should we not expect the world, under the power of the devil (1 John 5:19; Ephesians 2:2), to lie about us? The Greek for devil ( diabolos ) actually means slanderer (1 Timothy 3:11; Titus 2:3). As Jesus said to his revilers in John 8:44, âYou are of your father the devil, and your will is to do your fatherâs desires. . . . When he lies, he speaks out of his own character, for he is a liar and the father of lies.â 2. Consider the cause. We should not assume that all verbal opposition we receive is good. Being reviled for Jesusâs sake and for his gospel is one thing; being reviled for our own folly and sin is another (1 Peter 3:17; 4:15â16). As far as it depends on us, we want to âgive the adversary no occasion for slanderâ (1 Timothy 5:14). Slander itself is no win for the church. We want to do what we can, within reason and without compromise, to keep Godâs name and word and teaching from reviling (1 Timothy 6:1; Titus 2:5). âDo not let what you regard as good be spoken of as evilâ (Romans 14:16). But when the world speaks evil against us because of Jesus, we embrace it. âIf you are insulted for the name of Christ , you are blessed, because the Spirit of glory and of God rests upon youâ (1 Peter 4:14). 3. Do not revile in return. Christâs calling to his church is crystal clear: Do not respond in kind. Do not stoop to the level of your revilers. âKeep your conduct honorableâ (1 Peter 2:12). âSpeak evil of no oneâ (Titus 3:2), including those who have spoken evil of you. Do not become a verbal vigilante, but âentrust yourself to him who judges justlyâ (1 Peter 2:23). And as his redeemed, taste the joy of walking in his steps: âWhen he was reviled, he did not revile in returnâ (1 Peter 2:23). Paul took up the same mantle: âWhen reviled, we bless; when persecuted, we endure; when slandered, we entreatâ (1 Corinthians 4:12â13). So also Peter charges us to respond âwith gentleness and respect, having a good conscience, so that, when you are slandered, those who revile your good behavior in Christ may be put to shameâ (1 Peter 3:15â16). When we do not ârevile in return,â we put our revilers to shame. Christians do not respond in kind. We lose the battle, and undermine our commission, when we let revilers make us into revilers. And itâs not just a matter of strategy, but of spiritual life and death. âRevilers,â 1 Corinthians 6:10 warns, âwill not inherit the kingdom of God,â and Christians are instructed ânot to associate with anyone who bears the name of brother if he is . . . a revilerâ (1 Corinthians 5:11). Christ expects, even demands, that our speech be different from the worldâs, even when we respond to the worldâs mean words. 4. Leap for joy. Leap for joy? That might seem way over the top. Canât we just take our cues from the apostles in Acts 5:41? âThey left the presence of the council, rejoicing  that they were counted worthy to suffer dishonor for the name.â Amen, rejoice. Yes. Jesusâs own words in the Sermon on the Mount guide us: âBlessed are you when others revile you and persecute you and utter all kinds of evil against you falsely on my account. Rejoice and be glad , for your reward is great in heaven, for so they persecuted the prophets who were before you.â (Matthew 5:11â12). But Luke 6:22â23 doesnât leave it at simply rejoicing: âBlessed are you when people hate you and when they exclude you and revile you and spurn your name as evil, on account of the Son of Man! Rejoice in that day, and leap for joy , for behold, your reward is great in heaven; for so their fathers did to the prophets.â Whether youâre just rejoicing in God deep down, or finding the emotional wherewithal, in the Spirit, to âleap for joy,â the point is clear: When others dishonor you, and exclude you, and utter all manner of evil against you, and even spurn your name as evil â and that on Jesusâs account , not on the account of your own folly â this is not new, and you are not alone (âso their fathers did to the prophetsâ). You have a great cause for joy. Their reviling you for his sake  means you are with him! And you will know him more as you share in the verbal persecution he endured (Philippians 3:10). 5. On the contrary, bless. There is one more shocking possibility for Christians, even more astounding than leaping for joy: âDo not repay evil for evil or reviling for reviling, but on the contrary, bless , for to this you were called, that you may obtain a blessingâ (1 Peter 3:9). This indeed is the spirit of Christ, and gives the most striking testimony of the Spirit of Christ at work in us. The grace and power of God not only enable us to expect and evaluate reviling, and not respond in kind but even rejoice, but also repay reviling with blessing . This is Christlikeness. This is Christian maturity (Matthew 5:48). This reflects the magnanimous heart of our Father in heaven (Matthew 5:45). This is the enemy-love to which Jesus not only calls us but works in us by his Spirit. âLove your enemies and pray for those who persecute youâ (Matthew 5:44). In Christ, we have found ourselves blessed when we deserved to be cursed. We have come to know a Father who does not revile those who humbly seek him (James 1:5). When reviled, we now have the opportunity to bless undeserving revilers, just as we have been blessed from above â and will be further blessed for doing so (âthat you may obtain a blessing,â 1 Peter 3:9). The swelling ocean of reviling in our day is not just an obstacle to be endured. It is an opportunity for gospel advance â and for deeper joy.